Beninoliveoil

Breast cancer(malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Signs and Symptom
Breast cancer is first noticed as a painless lump in the breast or armpit and most often discovered by you or your partner may discover the lump or or your doctor during a routine physical exam.
In early case of cancer, symptoms normally include
1. Lump (mass) in the breast
2. Lump in the armpit (lymph nodes)
3. Nipple discharge (clear or bloody)
4. Inverted or retracted nipple
5. Scaly or pitted skin on nipple persistent tenderness of the breast
6. Unusual breast pain or discomfort
7. Etc.

In advance case of cancer as cancer have spread to distance of the body, symptoms include
1. Bone pain (Secondary tumors in bone)
2. Shortness of breath (Secondary tumors in lung)
3. Unintentional weight loss and drop in appetite (Secondary tumors in liver)
4. Headaches, neurological pain or weakness (Secondary tumors in the nervous system)
5. Etc.

A rare case of breast cancer (Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC))
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), an aggressive cancer can occur in women of any age, grows in sheets instead of lumps invades nearby skin, leading to whole breast may go suddenly red and feel hot, resembling an inflammation and happening only about 1-6% of all breast cancer cases in the USA. It should be treated very promptly. Symptoms include
1. Rapid swelling (a cup size in a few days) sometimes
2. Associated by skin changes (pink, red, or dark-colored areas)
3. Nipple retraction
4. Persistent itching, skin hot to touch
5. Initially resembles mastitis
6. Breast skin ulcers (later stage of IBC)
7. Etc.

Risk factors
1. Gender
If you are women, your chance of getting breast cancer is 99 % higher due to more breast cells and constant exposure to growth hormones that affect the production of estrogen and progesterone.

2. Aging
Breast cancer increases proportional with age. Researchers found that out of 1/8 invasive breast cancers found in women, 2 out of 3 are women age 55 or older.

3. Heredity
About 5% of woman of breast cancer are caused gene mutation inherited from either the parents.

4. Family factor
Researchers found that if one of your direct family have developed breast or ovary cancer, your risk of getting breast cancer is increased.

5. Pregnancy
The risk of develop breast cancer for women who never get pregnant.

6. Smoking
Researchers found that the risk of women who had smoked cigarettes in their teen years have a high risk of getting breast cancer and women who smoke for 35 years or more have a 59% higher risk of developing breast cancer, compared with those who never smoked

7. BRCA1 and BRCA2
Researchers found that mutation of tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 and BRCA2 are likely to develop breast cancer later in their life.

8. Menstruation
Women who started menstruating at an early age (before age 12) or went through menopause at a later age (after age 55) have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer due to longer lifetime exposed to estrogen and progesterone hormones.

9. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)
The alternation of The ATM gene provides instructions for making a protein in controling the rate cells grow and divide and assisting in DNA of cells repair by recognizing damaged or broken DNA strands caused by toxic chemicals or radiation. Inheriting one mutated copy of this gene increase the risk of breast cancer.

10. Tumor protein 53 or P53
P53, a tumor suppressor protein in humans encoded by the TP53 gene can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome, increasing the risk of developing of breast cancer.

11. Dense breast tissue
Women who have denser breast tissue and more glandular tissue and less fatty tissue, have a higher risk of developing of breast cancer.

12. Previous breast lump that had atypical change
A benign breast lump which showed atypical change called atypical hyperplasia increases the risk of developing breast cancer later in their life.

13. Overweight
Overweight and obese women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer compared to women who maintain a healthy weight in BMI index, especially after menopause.

14. Etc.

Factors that reduce the risk of breast cancer
1. Breast feeding
Researchers found that women who breast feeding their babies slightly lower risk of developing of breast cancer.

2. Early age at first full-term pregnancy:
Women who have their first full-term pregnancy at an early age slightly lower the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Researchers found the women who have a first full-term pregnancy before age 20, the risk of developing breast cancer is about half that of women whose first full-term pregnancy occurs after the age of 30 and only limited to hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

3. Increasing number of births
The risk of breast cancer declines with the birth of number of children, Researchers found that Women who have given birth to five or more children have half the risk of women who have not given birth and only limited to hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

4. Preeclampsia
Women who have had pregnancy conditions of high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week may slightly decrease the risk of developing breast cancer. Researchers suggested that certain hormones and proteins associated with preeclampsia may affect the risk of breast cancer.

5. Longer duration of breastfeeding:
Researchers found that Breastfeeding for an extended period of over a year) reduces the risk of developing of breast cancer later in their life in both hormone receptor-positive and hormone receptor-negative breast cancer.

6. Drinking more Coffee
In a new study, published in the journal Breast Cancer Research, women who drink five cups of coffee a day or more can reduce the risk of getting certain types of breast cancer. (How many women can do that without developing nervous tension)

7. Etc.

Diagnosis
1. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
The purpose of the clinical breast examination (CBE) is to detect early breast abnormalities or evaluate patient reports of symptoms of breast cancers at an earlier stage for more more effective treatment. In most case, cancer caught in early stage can be cured completely. In U. S. the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommended that women between the age of 20 to 39 should have a CBE once every three years and women 40 and older to get CBE annually.

If you have any symptoms is mentioned above, the first test which your doctor order is a mammogram to screen and detect any breast tissue abnormally and any sign of tumor. mammograms can detect between 85 to 90 percent of all abnormalities, including breast cancer, cysts, fibroadenomas, tumors, etc. even before you can feel a lump.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical test that helps physicians diagnose the breast conditions of a patient by using powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of soft tissues and internal structures of the breast. It reveals different details about many breast conditions that cannot be obtained by mammography, ultrasound, etc.

Elastography, a new technology for imaging breast tissue, is a non-invasive method used to detect or classify the stage of the tumors. In a study comparing ultrasound with breast elastography measurement, researchers found that breast elastography was highly effective in distinguishing benign from malignant breast tumor.

5. Ductal Lavage (Pap smear for the breast)
Ductal lavage also known as Pap smear for the breast, is one of fluid test used in addition to CBE and mammography to detect breast cancer by with drawing fluid which contains breast cells from the breast ducts with the use of a tiny catheter inserted into the nipple.

6. Breast Biopsy
In a breast biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a medical instrument (fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Core needle biopsy (CNB) and Stereotactic biopsy) or cutting out by a surgical procedure.

7. Etc.

Factors that influence treatment options
A. Stages of breast cancer
The stages of breast cancer are classified depending to
1. Size of the cancer
2. Invasive or not
3. whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes
4. whether the cancer has spread to the distance parts or organs of the body.
There are 4 stages of breast cancer in TNM rating (where T is referred for tumor size, N is referred for Lymph Node status, M is referred for invasive or not)Tumor Size is divided into four classes: T-1 is between 0 – 2 cms, T-2 is between 2 – 5 cms, T-3 is > 5cms, and T-4 is a tumor of any size growing into the chest wall or skin, including inflammatory breast cancer.
#N: No swollen nodes: N-0, some swelling but negative node (not cancerous): N-1a, swelling nodes and positive node (cancerous): N-1b, quite swollen and bunched together: N-2, quite swollen and near the collarbone:N-3.
# M: if no cancer cell is found: M-0, cancer cells found: M-1.

T-1 tumor and clear lymph nodes with no evidence of spreading (M-0), or T-1N-0M-0.
Stage 2 is the combination of combination of T-1, T-2, or T-3 tumor, N-0. N-1a and N-1b but no spreading (M-0)
Stage 3 is the combination of all T or N but no spreading(M-0)
Stage 4 is the combination of T, N-1a, N-1b, N-2, N-3 and M-1

B. Hormone receptors sites and HER2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2)
1. Hormone receptors
A hormone receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell with the function of binding to a specific hormone in its interior. Estrogen receptors are that bind estrogen hormone and progesterone receptors are cells with the same.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor status tests
They are the tests to determine whether the tumor’s growth is influenced by the hormones estrogen and/or progesterone by taking a sample of breast cancer tissue obtained during a biopsy.
a. Cancer with hormones sensitive is always slower growing
b. Reponses well to hormones suppression treatment
c. If there is negative found in both tests (ER- and PgR-), hormone suppression treatments are not required (tuomor is not driven by hormones). Further testings are required to determine the best options.
d.
# ER-0, PgR-0 is no estrogen and progesterone receptor found
#Er-1+, PgR-2+ small numbers of estrogen and progesterone receptors found accordingly
#ER-2+, PgR-2+ a medium numbers of estrogen and progesterone receptors found accordingly
# ER-3+, PgR-3+ large numbers of estrogen and progesterone receptors found accordingly.

2. Testing HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)
About 30% of breast cancers are caused by over expression of its protein product or HER2.

]]>

If your cancer is no driven by either hormones estrogen or progesterone, you doctor my order the testing of HER2. HER2, a gene with function of signaling the growth and differentiation of cells. and a healthy breast has only 2 copies of the HER2 gene.
A test of HER 2 positive can be treat by the amplification of other genes and the use of the drug Herceptin, in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, otherwise your cancer is not caused by gene HER2.
a. IHC test
IHC is the most commonly used test ordered by your doctor to determine the number of HER2 receptor protein on the surface of the cancer cells done by a special staining process performed on fresh or frozen breast cancer tissue removed during biopsy.
*HER2-0 or HER2-1+ is considered HER2 negative
*HER2-2+ or HER2-3+ is considered HER2 positive.

b. FISH test (Fluorescence in situ hybridization test)
If the IHC test can not clearing provide results of the HER2 positive or negative then FISH will be required. FISH is considered more accurate to determine whether the cells have extra copies of the HER2 gene by vitalizing gene HER2 in breast cancer tissues removed during biopsy. HER2-positive or negative)

The main types of invasive and non invasive breast cancer
1. Invasive breast cancer
breast cancers grow by alternation of the DNA of the breast cells and either have a tendency to spread to the lymph nodes then to distant parts of the body or already do so. Most breast cancers are invasive.
Common types of invasive breast cancers include:
a. Infiltrating/Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
This is the most common type of breast cancer accounted for about three-quarter of all breast cancer, originated in the milk ducts, then spread out to nearby breast tissue includingInflammatory breast cancer (IBC), Medullary carcinoma, Metaplastic breast cancer, Paget’s disease of the nipple, Tubular carcinoma, etc.

b.Infiltrating/Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)
Lobular breast cancer is another common types of invasive breast cancers, originated in the glands or lobes, that has broken through the wall of the lobule and begun to invade the tissues of the breast. Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma accounted for about ten percent of all breast cancer.

2. Non invasive breast cancer
Non invasive breast cancer is also known as carcinoma in situ of which breast cancer cells stay within the milk ducts or lobules in the breast.
a. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
DCIS is one the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer as it has tendency not to beyond the milk duct into surrounding breast tissue and treated differently than other types of invasive cancer. DCIS isn’t life-threatening, but it increases the risk of developing an invasive breast cancer in the future of the patient life.

b. Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
LCIS, is another types of invasive breast cancer, originated from the abnormal cells growth in the breast lobules, but not spread to the surrounding breast tissues. Researchers found that 25 percent of patients who have LCIS will develop breast cancer at some point in the future.

Depending to your diagnosis, your breast cancer is ranked in stage and grade by your oncologist and radiologist and treatment will be suggested or given accordingly.

Phytoestrogen and breast cancer
Since there is controversy of phytoestrogen protects against or induces breast cancer, we would like you to read this research from The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2oo4

Prevention and after treatments
A. With Foods
1. Food with high amount of beta carotene
All yellow orange vegetables contains high amount of beta carotene, a precursor of vitamin A which can be stored in the liver. Researchers found that eating foods high in beta- carotene lowers the risk of breast cancer.

2. Food with high amount of Indole -3-carbinol
Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, turnips, brussel sprout, etc. contains high amount of indole -3-carbinol which inhibits the breast cancer promoting estrogens such as the 16-hydroxy- estradiol and 16-hydroxy-estrone.

3. Nuts and seeds
Most but and seeds contain high amount of linoleic acid which found to prevents and reduces the risk of breast cancer in some studies.

4. Foods contain high amount lycopene
Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid but no vitamin A activity pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons and papayas. Reseachers found that lycopene inhibits tumors cells. Eat cooked tomatoes reduces the risk of breast and prostate cancer.

5. Foods with high resveratrol
Drinking no more than 150 mg of red wine or eating red grape helps to reduce the risk of breast cancer due to high amount of resveratrol. Researchers found that resveratrol has the ability to prevent the estrogen process that leads to cancer by blocking the formation of the estrogen DNA abducts.

6. Food with high amount of Omega 3 fatty acid
Cold water fish such as salmon, tuna, etc and nuts and seeds such as walnut, pumpkin seeds, flaxseeds contain high amount of Omega 3 fatty acid. Researchers found that omega-3 fatty acids not only combat breast cancer but also prevent the breast cancer from spreading to other issue or organs.

7. Food with high amount of anthocyanins
Cherries contain high amount of anthocyanins. In some studies, found that cherries inhibit colon cancer and breast cancer cells.

8. Food with amount of limonoids
Researcher found that the peel and white membrane of oranges, lemon, tangerine contain high amount of limonoid, a chemical compound showed inhibition of breast cancer in test tubes. Eat whole fruit oranges and tangerines.

9. Eating whole grains
Study showed that women who ate one serving a day of a cereal high in wheat bran reduces the risk of breast cancer by increasing intake of high levels of vitamin and mineral and reducing in take of artificial ingredients added in refine grain which promotes estrogen.

10. Avoid trans and saturated fat
Diet high in trans and saturated fats increase the production of bad estrogen that induces the risk of breast cancer.

11. Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3 Gallate (EGCG)
Green tea contains high amount of EGCG, a compound has been known to inhibit breast cancer cells. A new study has elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a compound found in green tea, exerts anti-cancer effects in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells.

12. Top your olive oil instead of high heat
Oil becomes trans fat in high heat increases the risk of breast cancer as mentioned above.

13. Diallyl trisulfide
Garlic and onion contain sunstance diallyl trisulfide that can suppress breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.

14. Isoflavinoids
Soy caontains high amount of isoflavonoid which can block the more powerful estrogens from stimulating estrogen sensitive cancer cells by occupying the estrogen receptors in breast cells.

15. Lignan
Lignan also known as mammalian lignan in flaxseed is a chemical structural similarity to the natural estrogen, 17-Beta-estradiol which has a weak estrogenic or antiestrogenic properties to inhibit breast cancer cells.

16. Etc. Please read 100+ Healthy Foods Classification

Antioxidants Antioxidants reduce the risk of oxidation causes of tissues damage and mutation of DNA of cells which can cause breast cancer and recurrence of breast cancer by scavenging or stopping them before causing damage to the normal cells.
You can read more details of above at this link Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Cancers, Diseases

1. Lycopene
Lycopene found abundant in cooked tomatoes as a powerful antioxidants counterbalances the detrimental oxygen free radicals before they can damage cellular structures in the breast as well as other types of cancer.

2. Vitamin A
Vitamin A plays an important role as an antioxidant as it scavenges free radicals by preventing them to become cancerous. including breast tissues but vitamin A have had mixed results in treating cancer according to W. Byers, Ph.D., a professor of oncology and cell biology at Georgetown’s Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center as vitamin A may cause some breast cancer cells to form blood vessels brings up the rather disturbing notion that treatment with these drugs may actually stimulate tumor growth,…”

3. Vitamin C
As an antioxidant and water soluble vitamin, vitamin C can be easily carry in blood and operate in much of the part of body. By restoring vitamin E, vitamin A and E helps to fight against forming of free radicals by scavenging in inhibiting any cause of oxidation.

4 Vitamin E
It beside is important in protecting muscle weakness, repair damage tissues, lower blood pressure and inducing blood clotting in healing wound, etc, it also is one of powerful antioxidant, by moving into the fatty medium to prevent lipid peroxidation, resulting in lessening the risk of chain reactions by curtailing them before they can starts.

5. Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 enhances energy production by promoting the process of the production of ATP then serving as fuel for the cells and acts an antioxidant to prevent the generation of free radicals during this process, thus reducing the risk of breast cancer and other types of cancers.

g. Etc.

C. With Herbs
1. Keladi Tikus
Keladi Tikus is also known as Rodent Tuber, a genus of Typhonium in Araceae family native to Eeast Asian. The herb has been used in traditional herbal
medicine in treating cancer, including leukemia. Researcher Sheen Lai Choo from Malaysia Science Research Center found that compound Fitol in keladi tikus expresses apoptosis property by activating PPARy to causes cancer cells die by suicide (Apaptosis).

2. Eruca sativa
Eruca sativa is also known as Arugula herba genus of Eruca, belongs to the family Brassicaceae, native to Europe and western Asia and It is a type of cruciferous vegetable like broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage. Study showed that Eruca sativa promotes apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression and inhibits angiogenesis of human breast cancer cells.

3.
dill, a genus Anethum, belongs to the family Apiaceae. Monoterpenes, the substance of essential oil activates the secretion of glutathione-S-transferase is an anti carcinogens and carcinogens neutralizing agent.

4. Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense is best known as Red clover, a genus Trifolium, belongs to the familyFabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. Researcher found that genistein inhibits of cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis

5. Actaea racemosa
Actaea racemosa is also known as black cohosh, a genus Actaea, belongs to the family Ranunculaceae, native to eastern North America. researchers found that black cohosh can block cell growth, Rebbeck and colleagues note. The herb contaons high amount of antioxidanta, and has been shown to have anti-estrogen effects. Taking black cohosh may reduce the risk of breast cancer by more than suggested by an epidemiological study from the United States.

6. Punica granatum essential oil
Punica granatum is also known as pomegranate, a genus Punica, belongs to family Lythraceae, native to native to the Iranian Plateau and the Himalayas in north Pakistan and Northern India. Researcher from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology found that pomegranate essential oil triggers apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in breast cancer cells.

7. Etc.

1. Ban Zhi Lian
Ban Zhi Lian is also known as scutellaria. The bitter and cool herb has been used in TCM as diuretic and to treat tumors and cancer as it clears heat, expels toxins, eliminates stagnation, stops bleeding and calms pain by enhancing the functions of lung, liver, spleen, stomach and large intestine channels. In vitro study, essential oil extract of 200mg/ml of the herb possesses the effect of inhibiting the tissues of rectum cancer or colon cancer.
In lab tests of animals and breast-cancer cells, BZL101 caused apoptosis or cell death, researchers found.

2. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as Worm Wood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti malaria agent and to trealupus, schistosomiasis as it disperses cold and dampness, expels wind and calms pain by enhancing the functions of kidney, liver and gallbladder channels.
Researchers found that qing hao elevates the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, triggering apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells. A University of Washington study showed that qing hao selectively kills several cancer cell lines in the test tube.

3. Huang Lian
Huang Lian is also known as Figwortflower. The bitter and cool herb has been used in TCM to treat indigestion, diabetes, inflammation of intestine, diarrhea caused by bacterial infection, high fever, restlessness and insomnia, etc. as it clears heat, dries dampness, disperses fire and expels toxins by enhancing the functions of heart, large intestine, liver, and stomach channels.
Researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) found that huang lian extract has been shown to induce apoptosis and to arrest cell growth by up-regulating Interferon beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes in breast cancer cells.

4. Yun Zhi
Yun Zhi is also known as Turkey Tail Mushroom. The sweet, bland and cold herb has been used in TCM as an antibiotic, anti-viral, and anti-tumor agent and to treat hepatitis B, tumors in the digestive system, respiratory system and in the cervix uteri as it clear heat and dampness, transforming phlegm and expels toxin by enhancing the functions of liver, spleen, lung channels.
Researchers found that Yun Zhi significantly improves survival rates and lifespan for gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast and lung cancers.

5. Bai Hua She She Cao
Bai Hua She She Cao is also known as spreading hedyotis, The bitter, sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-virus agent and to treat snakebite and enhances immune system as it clears heat, drains dampness, expels toxins and resolves abscesses by enhancing the functions of liver, stomach, large intestine channels.
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

f. Etc.

Treatments
A. Types of treatments

Most invasive cancers are treated with combination of the below types of treatment
1. Surgery
Most patients with invasive or non invasive breast cancer are required surgery to remove the cancer from the breast. While non invasive cancer patients are not needed further treatment, invasive cancer patients usual needed to have some of the lymph nodes removed and examined under a microscope by pathologist to see if they contain cancer cells.
1.1. Breast-conserving surgery
The operation only removes the breast cancer cells but conserves the other healthy breast cells. It only works well with patients with small size of tumors.
a. Lumpectomy:
Operation used to remove the breast cancer cells and some the tissue around the breast.
b. Partial mastectomy
Normally, partial mastectomy required 2 incisions in the surgery. One incision for removing the breast cancer cells and tissue around it, the others is for removal for lymph nodes tissues for examination.
1. 2. Mastectomy
a. Total mastectomy
The complete removal of the breast that has cancer and some lymph node tissues are taken as the same time in the operation.
b. Modified radical mastectomy: The surgery not only to remove the whole breast that has cancer, many of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, but sometimes, also parts of the chest wall muscles as well.This types of operation may only perform with patient with advance stage of breast cancer.
c. Radical mastectomy:
Beside removing the breast that has cancer, radical mastectomy also remove the chest wall muscles under the breast, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm.

1.3. Side effect
a. Soreness, tenderness, and pain at the incision site.
b. Nerve damage
c. Lymphedema
d. Shift in weight
e. Tightness in skin
f. Poor wound healing, bleeding, or
g. reaction to the anesthesia

2. Radiation therapy
2.1 By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills breast cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade of the breast cancer of the patient, there are two types of radiation therapy.
a. External radiation
By using a machine outside the body to send direct high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation toward the cancer.
b. Internal radiation
Internal radiation
By placing a radioactive substance direct into or near the cancer by a medical intrument with the aim to kill nearby cancer cells.

2.2 Side effects
a. Fatigue
b. Chest pain
c. Heart problem
d. Short of breath
e. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
f. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy
3.1. Chemotherapy is most used to treat breast cancer patience with advance stage or grade, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
3.2. Side effects
a. Nausea
b. Vomiting
c. Hair loss
d. Fatigue
e. Anemia
f. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
g. Infection
h. Etc.

4. Hormone therapy
4.1. If the breast cancer is due to hormone related actions, hormone therapy is most effective to blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Tamoxifen is often given to patients with early stages of invasive breast cancer by suppressing the production of estrogen for over period of 5 years.

4.2. Side effects
a. Headache
b. Nausea
c. Breast pain
d. Constipation or diarrhea Nausea
e. Loss of or decrease in appetite
f. Tenderness in the breasts
g. Trouble sleeping
h. Etc.

5. Biological therapy
a. By enhancing the body’s own immune or hormonal system to kill cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells relatively intact with the use of antibodies to attack cancer cells or block their activities or interrupting the hormonal or chemical pathways of the cancers with certain drugs composed of small molecules .
b. Side effects
b.1. Allergic reactions,
b. 2. Difficulty breathing, swelling,
b. 3. Nausea,
b.4. Fever or chills, and
b. 5. Dizziness and fatigue
b.6. Etc.

6. Target therapy
6.1. Target therapy is a treatment used to treat breast cancer caused by specific cells by killing them but without harming normal cells.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a drug that used effectively to treat breast cancer caused by growth factor protein HER2, while lapatinib inhibits the HER2 protein and other proteins effects inside tumor cells.

6.2. Side effects
a. Shortness of breath
b. Leg swelling
c. Severe fatigue
d. Weakness
e. Nausea
f. Vomiting
g. Cough
h. Diarrhea
i. Headache
j. Etc.

The main objective of all treatments is to remove all the primary cancerous and non cancerous tumors but leave the breast as undisturbed as possible and prevent the cancerous tumors from reoccurring.

Although it is rare, it can happen, approximate 1% of breast cancer patients are male. It is most common in older men, but can occur at any age. Symptoms are a similar to those of femal breast cancer. Therefore, if you notice any usual symptoms of your breast, please see your doctor imediately, because early diagnosis have a good chance to be cured. Treatments are also similar to those of above, depending to the grade and stage of the tumors. (We will come back with a article of male breast cancer later).

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy for patient with breast cancer are always discussed before the surgery. Although, the reconstruction of breast is no longer giving back the natural breast but most women are graceful. There are many ways for breast reconstruction and general anesthesia is required in all stages. No matter what types of breast reconstruction you choose. Before mastectomy, your breast reconstruction and breast removal surgeons will provide you with all information, made sure you understand, discuss and ask, if you have any question before going into operation room.
1. Implant
1.1. If you chose to have breast reconstruction after surgery with implant, you may be advised to have implanted done after the would of the surgery area is completely heal. In this type of treatment, the surgeon will remove enough skin over your breast during the mastectomy to be able to close the skin flaps for the reconstruction breast and placed a expander is a pouch made out of silicone, it will be slowly filled until it reach the right size, before the permanent breast implant is placed.
This type of breast reconstruction is done over stages and general anesthesia is necessary.
1.2. Side effects
a. leaking
b. Scar may become permanent
c. Shifting
d. Infection
e. Uneven breasts
f. Etc.

2. Breast reconstruction with natural tissue
If you chose to have breast reconstruction with natural tissue and later after surgery
2.1. Trectus abdominous muscle flap
Using skin, fat, and muscle in your lower belly, from one hip to the other, by tunneling this tissue under the skin of your abdomen up to the breast area with the blood vessels cut and reattached to blood vessels under your arm then made to the size and shape that match your other breast.

2.2 The latissimus muscle flap

Using skin, fat, and muscle of your upper back, on the side of your breast that was removed by tunnelling this tissue under your skin to the breast area with blood vessels will remain connected to the area where the tissue was taken off then made to the size and shape that match your other breast.

2.3. Side effects
a. Loss of sensation
b. Scar
c. Uneven breast size
d. Etc.

Most breast reconstruction are done over stages with general anesthesia.
For other cancer or health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

in which cancer cells are found in the body, but the primary site where the cancer start in the first place cannot be determined.

Symptoms of CUP
Symptoms is completely depending to the type of secondary cancer and some symptoms of the primary cancer, but in this case, it is not. The general symptoms include
1. Unintentional weight loss
Weight loss of over 10% unintentionally.
2. Loss of appetite
A general symptoms for patient with cancer
3. Fatigue and tiredness
Due to above symptoms
4. Anemia and bone pain.
If cancer affects the production of cells in the bone marrow
4. Etc.

Causes and risk factors
As mentioned above, it is totally depended to type of secondary cancer, but the general causes and rick factors can be
1. Age
Due to wear and tear over life long activity, the elder body is no longer function at its optimal stage, and susceptible more of diseases, including cancers. Elder people account to high percentage of cancers than younger age groups.

2. Smoking
Cigarette contains high amount of carcinogens, which can lead to many types of cancer

3. Sunlight
Ultraviolet can caused damage to skin, causing skin cancer

4. Ionizing radiation
One of the causes of thyroid cancer

5. Certain chemicals and other substances
Chemicals and substances can cause mutation of DNA in the cells, causing cancers

6. Some viruses and bacteria
Certain viruses and bacteria can weakened the immune system, leading to the risk of cancer development

7. Hormones
Over productions of certain hormones such as estrogen can lead to increased risk of cancer.

8. Family history
Increased risk of cancer if a person has a family history of cancer

9. Excessive drinking
Heavy drinkers are at risk of liver cancer

1o. Obesity
Fat cells can interfere with production of certain hormones

11. Gene defects
Risk of cancer increased with certain gene defects, such as mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer

12. Etc

Where is the primary cancer site
1. If lymph nodes in the neck and biopsy indicates it is cancer, the primary site may be found in the mouth,throat pharynx, thyroid or upper part of the airway.

2. Lymph nodes in the armpit
The primary cancer may be located in the breast in women and small cells ling cancer in men.

3. A shallow of chest X ray
The primary cancer may be located in the lung or bowel or pancreas.

4. Fluid in the abdomen
The primary cancer may be located in cervix, ovary, endometrium in women and bowel in men.

5. Lymph nodes in the groin
The primary cancer may be located cervix, endometrium vulva, ovary, pelvic in women and bowel in both men and women

6. Abnormality of liver scan
The primary cancer may be located bowel, breast, lung.

7. Generalize cancer
Some primary cancers can causes cancer anywhere in the body, including lymphomas, melanomas, etc.

8. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
Types of diagnosis are depended to your symptoms, family history, medical history, past occupation, lifestyle, how the cancer has spread and and experience of your doctor after the careful physical exam.
1. Blood test
Blood test
The blood is to determine the levels of markers, protein of the primary cancer if it can be found.

2. Chest X ray
Check X ray is to check the lung if the secondary tumor is in the chest.

3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.

4. (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.

5. Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
Positron emission tomography (PET scan) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organs in the body, such as the lungs, brain, liver, or other organs.

7. Endoscopy is thin, tube-like instrument with camera and light at the end to view your stomach by passing it through your mouth and esophagus to the stomach. spray anesthesia is
applied to the throat area.

]]>

mammogram is a low-dose x-ray of the breast tissue to screen and detect any breast tissue abnormally and any sign of tumor. mammograms can detect between 85 to 90 percent of all abnormalities, including breast cancer, cysts, fibroadenomas, tumors, etc. even before you can feel a lump.

In this test, you require to drink a white liquid which will show up on the X ray to check for structural and motility abnormalities of the stomach.

10. Bone scan
It is a nuclear scanning test, beside mostly used in identifying new areas of bone growth and damage to the bones breakdown, it can also evaluates the metastasis (spread) of cancer in the bone..

11. Others such as Urine tests, faecal occult blood (FOB), etc.

Preventions
A. How to avoid
Since there are no primary cancer is found, how to avoid has become more general
1. Avoid certain chemical agents
Chemicals and certain substances can increase the risk of cancer.
2. Lose weight
Increased risk of certain certain for obese men and women
3. Smoking
Cigarette contain cancer causing carcinogens.
4. Alcohol
Excessive alcohol drinking has been proven to be one of major risk of certain cancers.
5. HIV infection
Researchers found that men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of certain cancers.
6. Diet
Exposure to certain chemical carcinogens in the foods of first 20 years of life or over a prolonged period of time may increase the risk of certain cancers.
7. Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
In experimental and epidemiologic (nonrandomized) studies, along with randomized clinical trials, have shown that NSAIDs may have a prophylactic effect against certain cancers.
8. Eating organic healthy foods are always helpful in preventing long-term stomach inflammation.
9. Eat less red meat and fat
In an Red-meat lovers may have a greater likelihood of developing certain cancers of the throat and stomach than people who limit their intake of steaks and hamburgers, a new study suggests.
10. Exposure to radiation
Researchers found that high doses of radiation caused increase the risk of soft-tissue sarcomas in some patients.
11. Etc.

B. Diet
1. Green tea
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.

2. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.

3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.

4. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.

5. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.

6. Etc.

C. Nutritional supplements
1. Free radicals scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here

2. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.

3. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.

4. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

5. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.

6. Etc.

Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
The objective of the treatment is to cure. If the above diagnosis and tests detect the primary cancer site then standard treatment to such type of cancer will be applied. Unfortunately, if the primary cancer can not be found after all diagnosis have been exhausted, curing has become impossible. Treatment now relies on the specific symptoms and where the secondary cancer first appeared.
1. Radiotherapy
a. Radiation may be used to kill any cancer cell remaining in the body locally. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.

2. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In sarcoma soft tissue, chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is not possible in the place
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
CUP does not respond well to chemotherapy in general.

3. Etc.

B. Herbal medicine
1. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.

2. Devil’s Claw
The extract of Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as devil’s claw,
In vitro studies, researchers found that cat’s claw demonstrated anticancer effects against several cancer cell lines and has been reported to be effective in the treatment of lymphoma cancer, according to a study conducted by K. S. Wilson, M.D., which was published in the journal “Current Oncology” in August 2009.

3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.

4. In a study conducted by S. Uddin and colleagues at the Department of Human Cancer Genomic Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Saudi Arabia, researchers found that Curcumin in turmeric may inhibit the proliferation of lymphoma cancer by modulating cell cycling and inducing apoptosis.

5. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.

6. Etc.

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.

2. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.

3. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

4. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.

5. Ling Zhi
Ling Zhi one of many herbs, has been used over thousands of year in treating abnormal cells growth in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine. In a study , researcher found that cancer cells responded to the herb much in the same way as they would react to chemotherapy drugs. Yet unlike chemotherapy drugs, which can also be toxic to healthy cells, herbal extracts were more deadly to cancer cells than to normal cells, indicating that they have some ability to specifically target cancer.

6. Etc.

For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton

Endomatrial Cancer
Endometrium is the inner lining of the mammalian uterus and very susceptible hormone change, particular to menstrual cycle. Endometrial cancer is a late adulthood cancer defined as a condition of which the cells of the endometrial lining of uterus have growth uncontrollable or become cancerous as a result of the alternation of cells DNA. It’s the fourth most common cancer among women overall, after breast cancer, lung cancer, and bowel cancer.

Causes and risk factors
1. Age
Most endometrial cancer occurs to women in mid thirty and older. It may be caused by often than other tissue in growth and repair of the uterus lining over decade or many decades.

2. Estrogen
Because of accumulation and exposure of estrogen hormone over a prolonged period over a life time, risk of endometrial cancer is much higher in older women. In fact risk of endometrial cancer increase with age after age of 40. Women who are under age of 40 have low risk of the disease unless under usually risk factors.

3. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Women who is either with ovaries removed or in stage of menopause use hormone replacement therapy to relieve the symptoms of menopause, such as frequency of hot flash, loss of bone density, mineral deficiency, etc may slightly increase the risk of endometrial cancer due to exposure to synthesis estrogen.

4. Oral contraceptive pills
The study used population-based cancer registries in eight geographic regions across the United States showed that women who had used sequential oral contraceptives (estrogen and progestin components taken at different times of the month) appeared to have an increased risk of endometrial cancer.

5. Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is a common chemotherapy medication for patients with breast cancer or to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer by blocking the action of estrogen on the breast cancer cells. might increase risk of endometrial cancer as tamoxifen is also acts like estrogen itself.

6. Obesity
Fatty tissue is a good source for the production of bad estrogen in large amounts in obese women, leading to high levels of estrogen in women resulting in increasing risk of endometrial cancer.

7. Heredity
Family history of endometrial, colon and breast cancer increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

8. Abnormal overgrowth of the endometrium
Women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus) have a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer.

9. Infertility
Study found that women who have never been pregnant have a slightly higher risk to develop endometrial cancer.

10. Early puberty before age 12
Women who begin their periods before 12 years of age have a higher risk to develop endometrial cancer due to increased the number of years that the immature inner uterine lining is exposed to estrogen.

11. Menopause after age 55
Women who go through Menopause after age 55 are at a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer because of increased the number of years that the inner uterine lining is exposed to estrogen.

12. History of having radiation therapy to the pelvis
Frequent use of radiation therapy to the pelvic may alter and damage the DNA of cells, leading to uncontrollable cells growth of inner lining of the uterus, causing endometrial cancer.

13. Other reproductive cancers
Breast or ovary cancer are associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer due exposure to higher than normal amount of estrogen.

14. Intake high amount of fat
Intake high amount of fat is also linked to higher amount of estrogen produced by our body, the “good” source hormone for the development of endometrial cancer.

15. Heavy daily alcohol consumption
researcher found that high alcohol consumption not only affect just the liver, but increases the risk of with breast and endometrial cancer.

16. Etc.
Symptoms
Abnormal uterine bleeding may be the early stage of endometrial cancer
1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal bleeding between period with in inappropriate amounts of blood flow should be checked with doctor as soon as possible. It may be caused by expansion of over growth of pre cancer uterine lining cells causes of infection or breaking off the endometrial capillaries or blood vessels.

2. Increase amount of vaginal discharge
An increase in the amount of vaginal discharge accompanied with abnormal odor or pain, itching, or burning sensation may be caused by infection or inflammation.

3. Painful urination
Painful urination, most of the time is caused by infection of the urinary tract that affect the bladder in emptying, but sometime it can be caused by infectious diseases, and may be an indication of pre endometrial cancer.

4. Pain during sex
Painful during most of the time is caused by vestibulitus and vaginismus sex, but in some cases, it can be caused by cancer or other reproductive diseases.

5. Pain in the abdomen
There are many reproductive disease can cause pain in the pelvic, such as appendicitis, salpingitis, uterine descensus, etc. but it can be caused by early stage of endometrial cancer.

6. Swelling or Lump in the pelvic
Swelling can be caused by inflammation of sexual transmitting virus or infection by bacteria. Lump may be caused by abnormal cells growth of the uterine lining or reproductive tissue.

7. Weight loss
Unintentional weight loss due to loss of appetite may be a first sign of cancers, including uterine inner limning.

9. Anemia
Anemia may be caused by chronic loss of blood due to prolonged or heavy abnormal menstrual bleeding.

10. Etc.

If you have any of above symptom and accompanied with abnormal uterine bleeding, the diagnosis beside required a detail of you health history, including family medical history, menstrual and pregnancy history, lifestyle, etc.
1. Pelvic examination
Pelvic examination taken when there is no menstruation and advised not to have sex for at least 24 hours, is type of complete physical exam of a woman pelvic organ by a medical instrument to detect any infection, abnormal cells growth such as cysts, fibroid and specially for virus which can cause early stage of endometrial cancer. The pap test usually is also taken. If your doctor found any abnormal cells growth or suspected uterine cancer, further tests may be required.

2. Endometrial curettage
Ednometrial curettage can be done in the doctor office or in the hospital as an outpatient by taking a sample of tissue from the inner lining layer of the uterus. In some cases, if the example taken by endometrial curettage does not review a sufficient diagnostic result, a dilation and curettage (D&C) is necessary.

3. Dilation and curettage (D&C)
Dilation and curettage is a types of examination by gently opening the cervix and then removing some of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterine cells. During the test, you doctor may remove any endometrial polyps, if found.

]]>

The 2. and 3. are operated under local anesthesia with anti-inflammatory and pain medication before and during examination.

4. Hysteroscopy
Hysteroscopy is the pelvic examination by the use of an endoscope that carries optical and light channels or fibers that go through the opening of the vagina then into uterus and allows your doctor can see the uterine inner lining (endometrium) on a video screen with the help of fluids or CO2 gas is introduced to expand the cavity during the examination. A small sample is taken for viewing under microscope.

5. Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial biopsy or aspiration is another procedure to remove a sample from the uterine inner lining with the inserting of biopsy curettage into the uterine and with a scraping and rotating motion. During this procedure
a. A speculum helps to spread the walls of the vagina apart to expose the cervix.
b. A tenaculum helps to hold the cervix steady.
c. Local anesthesia may or may not be given.

6. Trans-vaginal ultrasound
Trans-vaginal ultrasound is a type of pelvic ultrasound used to diagnose the thickness of the uterine inner lining of the women with post-menopause bleeding for endometrial cancer with the help of a transducer (The transducer is necessary for sending out sound waves, which reflect off body structures), into the vagina.

7. Sonohysterography
In some cases, more clearly view the uterus is necessary to get a better view of the size of tumor, then sonohysterography is used with saline (sterile salt water) injected into the uterus before the ultrasound.

8. Computerized tomography (CT) scan
CT scanning combines special x-ray equipment with sophisticated computers to produce multiple cross-sectional images of any susceptible area of the inner uterus lining and surrounded organs if need, to the computer screen around a single axis of rotation.

9. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI uses a powerful magnetic and radio frequency field to capture 3D image of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures, including endometrial cancer to the computer screen for examination.

10. Etc.

A. Adenocarcinomas
Adenocarcinomas is accounted for accounts for over 80% of cases of endometrial cancer and begun with the abnormal cells growth in the surface cells of the inner lining of the Researcher found that women who have an early onset of symptoms of peri-menopause are in higher risk of adenocarcinomas.

B. Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcoma,a rare uterine cancer containing malignant cells of the muscle and connective tissue of the uterus, is accounted for only account for only 2 percent of all uterine cancer.
a.Endometrial stromal sarcomas
Endometrial stromal sarcomas are also endometrial cancers originated in the non-glandular connective tissue of the endometrium, therefore the cell of origin is unknown.

b. Leiomyosarcomas
Leiomyosarcomas is a form of endometrial cancer originated from the smooth muscles of the uterus. The cancer has a resistant tendency and not very responsive to chemotherapy or radiation.

c. Carcinosarcoma
Carcinosarcoma is a type of cancer caused by both epithelial and connective tissues of the uterus.

E. Etc.

Grades of endometrial cancer
1. Type 1 endometrial cancers
endometrial cancers are caused by excess estrogen. These types of cancer is not very aggressive and are slow to spread to other tissues and considered as low grade.
2. Type 2 endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer not caused by excess estrogen. These types of cancer are invasive and have a tendency to spread to distant parts of the body and considered high grade.

Stages and grade of endometrial cancer is important to determine the best treatment with the aim is to cure and prevent recurrence, if that it is possible.
1. Stages 0
Cancer is found in the surface of the endometrial lining.
2. Stage I
Cancer have penetrated into the endometrial lining but within the uterus.
a. Stage IA
Cancer is limited to the endometrium
b. Stage IB:
cancer have penetrated to middle layer of the endometrial linning wall
Stage II
Cancer is now present in both the uterus and cervix.
Stage III
Cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix to the lymph nodes, but hasn’t reached the rectum and bladder.
a. Stage IIIA:
Cnacer has spread beyond outermost layer of the uterus and to the ovaries or fallopian tubes
b. Stage IIIB:
Cancer has spread to the vagina and to the lymph node area
c. Stage IIIC
Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes but not to distant organs
Stage IV
Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
a. Stage IVA:
Cnacer has spread to rectum and bladder
b. Stage IVB
Cancer has spread to distant organs of the body.
Prevention
1. Maintain a healthy weight
Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
2. Reduce intake of alcohol
Researcher found that association of alcohol intake and endometrial cancer is stronger among lean women than among overweight or obese postmenopausal women.
3. Birth-control pills
Birth control bill is found to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer
4. Avoid unopposed estrogen therapy
Excess estrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
5. Antioxidants
Antioxidants is found to reduce the risk of cancer caused by oxidation, inducing free radical scavenging such vitamin A, C, E and others.
6. Enhance immune system
By getting enough sleep, eating healthy diet, exercise and living healthy lifestyle.
7. Vitamin D
Vitamin D has been shown to be helpful in a number of cancers, it may also good for endometrial cancer.
8. Etc.

Treatments
Depending to the grade and stage of the cancer
1. Surgery
Most patients with invasive or non invasive cervical cancer are required surgery. While non invasive cancer patients are not needed further treatment, invasive cancer patients usual needed further treatments, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy. In some cases, example of lymph node is also remove, ovaries and uterus also removed, depending to the surgery needed.

2. Radiotherapy
Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV and usually given after surgery to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills endometrial cancer cells and keeps them from growing or regrowing. If the cancer is small in size, cancer can be cured. If the cancer is large, radiation therapy can be used to control local bad symptoms.
a. External beam irradiation
In External beam therapy (EBT), a beam of high-energy x-rays or or other types of radiation is directed to a patient’s tumor externally depending to the stage of the cancer.
b. Brachytherapy
By placing a small quantity radioactive seeds or sources by a medical instrument into uterus or vagina, before using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancerous cells without causing radiation affects in the nearby healthy tissues.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cervical cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

4. Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy is used in the pre-endomatrial cancer stage or where surgery is either feasible or unnecessary. Use of right types of hormone can cause the shed of endometrial lining or endometrial cancer to shrink or sometimes disappear completely.

Other unconventional treatments
A. With herbs
1. Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense is best known as Red clover, a genus Trifolium, belongs to the familyFabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. Researcher found that genistein inhibits of cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis.

2. Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense is best known as Red clover, a genus Trifolium, belongs to the familyFabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. Researcher found that genistein inhibits of cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis.

3. Soy isoflavone distillate
Soy isoflavone distillate is a extract of the beans of the soy plant or herb, it contains high amount of phytoestrogen by binding to estrogen in the human cells. Researcher found that soy isoflavones wards off estrogen from the cells which are receptive to estrogen, including the cancerous or malignant cells endometrium. There is some conflicts in the studies of the use of phytoestrogen in treating estrogen related cancer, please be careful not to use them unless with the suggestion of your specialist in the related field

4. Astragalus
Astragalus is herb, genus of Astragalus, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae. In rat study, researcher found that astragalus extract possess cytostatic properties in inhibiting tumor growth and delay chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

5. The inner bark of Cat’s claw
The herb has been used in herbal medicine to boost function of the immune system and treat and prevent infection. In vivo and in vitro, cat’s claw showed inflammation inhibiting effect. It also contains vary chemicals such as tannins, catechins, and procyanidins which demanstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

6. Etc.

B. With Chinese herbs
1. Xia Ku Cao
Xia Ku Cao is also known as Self heal plant. The acrid, bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat headache, dizziness, tuberculosis of the lungs, vaginal infection, excessive bleeding during menopause as it clears liver and heat, dissipates nodules and dissolves phlegm by enhacing the functions of liver and gallbladder channels.
Researcher found that Xia Ku Cao significantly reduced the endometrial cancer cells growth, in mice implanted with human endometrial cancer cells and demonstrated the anti-estrogen effect in the study as well.

2. Dong Ling Cao
Gong ling Cao is also known as blushred rabdosia. The sweet, bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation of the pelvic area, swelling of throat, insect bites and snake bites as it clears heat and toxins, nourish yin, remove blood stasis and relieves pain by enhancing the functions of stomach, lung and liver channels. In vitro, researcher found that Gong ling Cao has cytotxicity activity against CaEs-17 human esophageal cancer cell line, at 2 and 3ug/ml, the inhibiting rates were 40% and 75%. Can it be used effective against endometrial cancer? Further studies is needed.

3. Lu Feng Fang
Lu feng Fang is also known as Honeycomb. The sweet, acrid, neutral and toxic herb has been used in TCM as diuretic and to strengthen the heart activity, lower blood pressure temporary, promote the coagulation of blood, treat of cancer, bleeding in tumors as it relieves toxicity, expels wind, alleviates pain, dries dampness by enhancing the functions of lung, liver, spleen, stomach and large intestine channels. In vitro experiments researchers found that lu feng fang demonstrate the inhibition of human liver cancer cells. In insect study by using HeLa cells originating from human cervix and uterine cancer, researchers also found that Lu Feng Fang extract showed a potent anticancer activity.

4. Bai Hua She She Cao
Bai Hua She She Cao is also known as spreading hedyotis, The bitter, sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-virus agent and to treat snakebite and enhances immune system as it clears heat, drains dampness, expels toxins and resolves abscesses by enhancing the functions of liver, stomach, large intestine channels.
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

5. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as Worm Wood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti malaria agent and to trealupus, schistosomiasis as it disperses cold and dampness, expels wind and calms pain by enhancing the functions of kidney, liver and gallbladder channels.
Researchers found that qing hao elevates the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, triggering apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells. A University of Washington study showed that qing hao selectively kills several cancer cell lines in the test tube.

6. Etc.

For other cancers or health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

If you like what you read, please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton

Testicular Cancer is a cancer arises in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, part of male reproductive system, responding to the production and reproduction of male sex hormones and sperm. It tends to develop in the age groups of twenties and thirties.

Types of testicular cancer
1. Seminomas (Cancers of sperm producing cells)
Seminomas are originated from the sperm producing cells and accounted for 40% of all cases, seminomas tend to slower growing cancer, but it can spread to the lymph nodes in a quarter of patients. In most cases, it can be cured by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

2. Non-seminomas (Cancers of embryonal type of cells)
Non-seminomas are originated from the embryonal type of cells and accounted for 40% of all cases of testicular cancer. Non-seminomas are aggressive and tend to spread quickly, including a. Embryonal carcinomas
Embryonla carcinomas are very aggressive tumors and tend to grow quickly and spread to distant parts of the body including the lungs and liver.
b. Teratoma carcinomas
Teratoma carcinomas tend to develop in young boys more then adult men and are generally benign and rarely spread to nearby tissues and distant parts of the body.

c. Yolk-sac tumors
Yolk-sac tumors is a rare type of testicular cancer
c.1. If it affects in children, it can be treated successfully in most cases
c.2. if it affects adult men, it can be treated by chemotherapy, even if they have spread.

d. Choriocarcinomas
Choriocarcinomas, a rare type of testicular cancer, affects mostly younger men and responds poorly to radiation and chemotherapy and carries high mortality rate.

Causes and risks factors
1. An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism).
Men with birth defects of undescended from the abdomen into the scrotum, are at a higher risk even if the testicle is moved down surgically.

2. Family history
Increased risk of the disease, if one of your direct member family has history of the cancer.

3. Heredity
Men with genetic defect of Klinefelter syndrome. due to at least two X chromosomes and, in rare cases, as many as three or four are at risk of testicular cancer.

4. Infertility due to abnormal semen
In a study of Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study by Rune Jacobsen, Erik Bostofte, Gerda Engholm, Johnni Hansen, Jørgen H Olsen, Niels ESkakkebæk, Henrik Møller, the result indicated that men in couples with fertility problems were more likely to develop testicular cancer than other men (89 cases, standardised incidence ratio 1.6; 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 1.9).
The risk was relatively constant with increasing time between semen analysis and cancer diagnosis.
Analysis according to specific semen characteristics showed that low semen concentration (standardised incidence ratio 2.3), poor motility of the spermatozoa (2.5), and high proportion of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (3.0) were all associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer.
The only other cancer group that showed increased incidence was “peritoneum and other digestive organs” (six cases; 3.7, 1.3 to 8.0). Of these, two cases were probably and two cases were possibly extragonadal germ cell tumours.

5. HIV infection
Researchers found that men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of testicle cancer.

6.
Accordingly to statistic, testicular cancer is more common among white men than other race.

7. Personal history
Risk of testicular cancer increases if you have previous testicular cancer in one testicle.

8. Etc

Symptoms
1. A painless lump or swelling
Due to abnormal cells growth in either testicle
2. Enlargement of a testicle
May be a result of inflammation or infection, not necessary cancer
3. Pain or discomfort in the testicle
Uncommon sign of the testicular cancer
4. Dull ache or pain in the groin or abdomen
Uncommon sign of the testicular cancer
5. Lump in the neck
Cancer has spread
6. Shortness of breath
Cancer has spread to the lung
7. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
1. Blood test
Blood withdrawn from your vein will be tested for tumor markers (Alpha fetoptotein (AFP), beta human choionic gonadotrophin (HBCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) to determine the type of the cancer

2. Orchidectomy and biopsy
In biopsy, a sample from the affected testicle is withdrawn to review under microscopy to check for any abnormality cells growth. In orchidectomy, usually done done in general anesthesia with the removal of the affected testicle to check for type of the cancer, if cancer has spread. In case of cancer is in the early stage or has not spread outside of the test, it is only treatment needed.

3. Chest X ray
Check X ray is to check if cancer has spread to the chest.

4. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes such as admen. CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but it can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.

5. Ultrasound scan of the liver
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size of your liver and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area of the liver with image taken from the test.

6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.

Etc.

]]>

Grades

The Grades of testicular cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.

Stages
Testicular cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the testicular lining.

2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep testicular lining, but still completely inside the testicles.
Stage IA1

The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.

b. Stage IB:The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)

3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the testicles.

4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the testicles

5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the testicles, other distant parts of the body.

Preventions
A. What to avoid
There is no effective way to prevent testicular cancer, but experts suggest
1. Self exams
Self exams to check for any abnormality such as unexplained swelling and lumps.

2. Avoid exposure to certain chemicals
In a study of Testicular cancer, occupation and exposure to chemical agents among Finnish men in 1971-1995. by Guo J, Pukkala E, Kyyrönen P, Lindbohm ML, Heikkilä P, Kauppinen T. researchers found that risk of testicular cancer increased only in four occupations. Pesticides, textile dust, and some organic solvents may be related to an excess risk of seminoma.

3. Practice safe sex to prevent infected by HIV virus
Researchers found that men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of testicle cancer.

4. Nitrosamines
In a study of Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potentialby German Cancer Research Center, Institute of Toxicology and Chemotherapy, Heidelberg F.R.G. researchers found that extensive experimental, and some epidemiological data suggest that humans are susceptible to carcinogenesis by N-nitroso compounds and that the presence of these compounds in some foods may be regarded as an aetiological risk factor for certain human cancers including cancers of the oesophagus, stomach and nasopharynx.

5. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Green tea
Green tea is always the first choice in diet to prevent cancer. In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.

2. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.

3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.

4. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.

5. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

6. Etc.

For healthy foods diet you are directed to my previous 100+ healthy food list for in-depth information

C. Nutrition supplements
1. Vitamin A, C, E
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here

2. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.

3. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.

4. Modified citrus pectin
In a study of researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.

5. Quercetin
In study of effects of quercetin on human laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells, researchers found thatQuercetin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 cells and its mechanism is probably related to the apoptosis

6. etc.

Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
A. 1. Treatments
Treatments of testicular cancer is to cure but depending to the types, stage, grade and size of the tumors. If cancer in the early stage and if the blood test for marker is normal, after surgery no further treatment will be required. In many case, after surgery to remove the tumor, options of radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combination of both and sometime with clinical trials drugs used in chemotherapy.
1. Surgery
Orchidectomy is a type of testicular cancer surgery, usually performed in general anesthesia with the removal of the affected testicle to check for type of the cancer and if cancer has spread. In case of cancer is in the early stage or has not spread outside of the test, it is only treatment needed.

2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade there are two types of radiation therapy.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of indolent lymphomas, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs, such as etoposide, bleomycin, platinum, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

B. 2. Recurrent treatments
After treatments, if the cancer recurs, treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, or high-dose chemotherapy, surgery and clinical trials testing new chemotherapy drugs.

B.3. Fertility
In some cases, treatment may cause you infertile, therefore, you may be recommended to perverse a sample of your sperm to sperm banking before treatments start. Unfortunately, most men with testicular cancer has low sperm count due to cancer and unsuitable for banking. In a study of fertility after testicular cancer treatments: results of a large multicenter study by Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Daudin M, Chevreau C, Bachaud JM, Plante P, Bujan L, Thonneau P., researchers concluded that the outcome of this study, which included the largest series reported to date, showed that fertility in patients with testicular cancer decreased by 30% after treatments and that radiotherapy seemed to have the most deleterious effect on fertility.
Please make sure you understand fully the fertility issue before treatments.

B. Herbal medicine
1. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researchers at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.

2. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.

3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.

4. Pau D’Arco
Pau D’Arco is also known as Pink Lapacho, genus Tabebuia, belonging to family, native to the America. It contains high levels of alpha-lapachone, beta-lapachone and xyloidone demostrated anti cancer effects. An article published by Dr. Daniel B. Mowrey on Pau d’Arco stated that “Lapacho has produced clinical anti-cancer effects without side effects.”

5. In a study conducted by S. Uddin and colleagues at the Department of Human Cancer Genomic Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Saudi Arabia, researchers found that Curcumin in turmeric may inhibit the proliferation of lymphoma cancer by modulating cell cycling and inducing apoptosis.

6. Etc.

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

2. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.

3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.

4. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.

5. Xia Ku Cao (Selfheal Fruit-Spike)
Researchers found that cyasterone in Xia Ku Cao showed anti tumor activity.

6. Etc.

For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

 

located between the esophagus and the small intestine, is a muscular, hollow and an important organ of the digestive tract.

is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.

1. Adenocarcinoma
If cancer arises from the glands in the mucosa
a. Superficial spreading
It is an early stage of the cancer and tend to be less aggressive or ulcer
b. Polyloid
Cancer grows in pattern like a polyp and is less aggressive.
c. Infiltrating
If cancer grows in infiltrating pattern into the stomach wall and more aggressive.
d. Linitis plastica
Cancer grows diffusivity throughout the whole wall of stomach

2. Lymphomas
Cancer of the lymphocytes originated from the stomach and behave much like lyphomas of the other parts of the body but adenocarcinoma

3. Sarcomas
Cancer originated from the connected tissue of the stomach behave much like sarcomas of the other parts of the body but adenocarcinoma

Symptom
Like many other cancer, in early stage of stomach cancer, there may not be any symptom. As the cancer progress, common symptoms include
1. Pain and/or discomfort in the stomach area
2. Unintentional weight loss
Any weight loss of over 10% unintentional should be a concern.
3. Mild ache in the upper part of the body
4. Loss of appetite
A common of all cancers
5. Loss of energy
6. Tiredness
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Difficult swallowing
9. Vomiting blood or having blood in the stool
10. Feeling full or bloated after a small meal
11. Etc.

1. Age
Most stomach cancer found in adult at their fifty
2. Diet
Exposure to certain chemical carcinogens in the foods of first 20 years of life or over a prolonged period of time may increase the risk of stomach cancer.
3. Bacteria
Researchers found that people with stomach cancer also contains bacteria Heliocbacter polorii in their stomach.
4. Hydrochloric acid production
People with Low amount or no of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach are at risk to develop stomach cancer
5. Long-term inflammation of the stomach
People who have conditions associated with long-term stomach inflammation are at slightly increased risk of stomach cancer.
6. Family history
The risk of stomach increase if one of the member of your direct family has it.
7. Smoking
May be caused certain cigarette carcinogens
8. Obesity
In a study of Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: Results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies, researchers found that overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. The strength of the association also increases with increasing BMI.
8. Etc.

Grades
The Grades of stomach cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates

Stages
Stomach cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0,
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the the inside lining of the stomach.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside stomach lining but still completely inside the stomach
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.b.
Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)

3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the stomach lining.

4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the stomach lining.

5. Stage IVIn this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the stomach to distant parts of the body.

Diagnosis and tests
After carefully recording your family history and physical exams to check for swollen lymph nodes, and any abnormality inside your stomach by a endoscope.
1. Endoscopy is thin, tube-like instrument with camera and light at the end to view your stomach by passing it through your mouth and esophagus to the stomach. spray anesthesia is
applied to the throat area.

2. Stomach biopsy
In stomach biopsy, samples of affected abnormal area are taken by a thin, tube-like instrument(endoscope) to examine under microscopy to review the stage of the cancer.

3. Barium meal (special X ray)
In this test, you require to drink a white liquid which will show up on the X ray to check for structural and motility abnormalities of the stomach

4. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but it can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.

]]>

5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.

6. Etc.

Prevention
A. How to avoid
1. Avoid infection caused by H. pylori
Researchers found that people with stomach cancer also contains bacteria Heliocbacter polorii in their stomach by taking vitamin C, beta-carotene and others anti-bacteria andioxidants.

2. Reduce weight
In study of a meta-analysis of cohort studies, researchers found that overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.

3. Excessive alcohol drinking
Alcohol beside is best known for its cause of liver disease, it also can lead stomach cancer due prolonged period of burning sensation of its ingredients. In some studies, researchers found that 3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.5% of cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to consumption of alcohol, including stomach cancer.

4. Quit smoking
In a A Taiwanese study concluded, “…cigarette smoking may play the most harmful role in the initial development of gastric cancer, and that drinking alcohol may promote the process.”
May be it is caused certain cigarette carcinogens.

5. Avoid intake high amount of smoked or spicy foods
In a study of Smoked food and cancer, researcher mentioned that smoking is a well-known source of food contaminated caused by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Epidemiological studies indicates a statistical correlation between the increased occurrence of cancer of the intestinal tract and the frequent intake of smoked foods.

6. Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
In experimental and epidemiologic (nonrandomized) studies, along with randomized clinical trials, have shown that NSAIDs may have a prophylactic effect against certain cancers.

7. Eating organic healthy foods are always helpful in preventing long-term stomach inflammation

8. Etc.

B. Diet
1. Eat less red meat and fat
Red-meat lovers may have a greater likelihood of developing certain cancers of the throat and stomach than people who limit their intake of steaks and hamburgers, a new study suggests.

2. Low-Sodium Foods
In a newly published public health study, which appears in the current issue of the British Journal of Cancer, researchers found that there appears to strongly link excess salt consumption with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer.

3. Green tea
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.

4. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.

5. Mediterranean diet
A new study published on Dec 9 in the online journal American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has associated use of Mediterranean diet with a lower risk of stomach or gastric cancer.

6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Vitamin A, C, E
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here

2. Beta- carotene and vitamin C
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development. In a study by Orleans, of more than 600 people from an area of South America found that people who took the three-drug combination alone or in combination with vitamin C and/or beta carotene were three to five times more likely than people who received no treatment to have a reduction in the size of precancerous stomach abnormalities. People in the study who received only antioxidant vitamins — either vitamin C and beta-carotene alone or together — also showed improvement.

3. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.

4. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

5. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.

6. Etc.

For healthy foods diet you are directed to my previous 100+ healthy food list for in-depth information

Treatments
A. Conventional medicine
1. Surgery (either partial or total gastrotrectomy)
Depending to the extend of cancer, stage, grade and location, surgery can be either partial ( only part of stomach is removed) or total.
1. Total gastrectomy if cancer located at the upper part of the stomach
The surgeon removes the entire stomach, nearby lymph nodes, parts of the esophagus and small intestine, and other tissues near the tumor. sometime depending to the extend of the cancer, the spleen also may be removed. The surgeon then connects the esophagus directly to the small intestine.

2. Subtotal (Partial) gastrectomy if cancer located at the lower part of the stomach
The surgeon removes the lower part of the stomach with the cancer. The surgeon attaches the remaining part of the stomach to the intestine. Nearby lymph nodes and other tissues may also be removed. The greatest risk of stomach surgery is malnutrition caused by decreased appetite and inability to digest food, causing food to move into the small intestine faster than normal, that can lead lead to gastric dumping syndrome.

2. Adjuvant therapy
In case cancer is completely removed but to prevent the recurrence, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with drugs such as 5-flourouracil and leuccovorin) may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells.

3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of stomach cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

4. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiotherapy in stomach cancer is only helpful in case cancer can not remove fully and is causing prolonged bleeding.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
5. Etc.

B. Herbal medicine
1. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.

2. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.

3. Allium sativum,
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.

4. Leaves of Camellia sinensis
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.

5. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.

6. Etc.

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.

2. Ling Zhi
Ling Zhi one of many herbs, has been used over thousands of year in treating abnormal cells growth in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine. In a study , researcher found that cancer cells responded to the herb much in the same way as they would react to chemotherapy drugs. Yet unlike chemotherapy drugs, which can also be toxic to healthy cells, herbal extracts were more deadly to cancer cells than to normal cells, indicating that they have some ability to specifically target cancer.

3. Ban Zhi Lian
In a recent study results suggest that ginger, tea, and a Chinese herb called Scutellaria barbata or Ban Zhi Lian could all help to prevent cancer.

4. Qing hao
Qing hao is also known as wormwood. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.

5. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

6. Etc.

For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

Thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands found in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple with the function of regulating the body use of energy, make of proteins by producing its hormones as a result of the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior pituitary.

Thyroid cancer is defined as condition in which the cells in the thyroid gland have become cancerous.

Types of thyroid cancer
The most common types of thyroid cancer include1. Papillary thyroid cancerPapillary thyroid cancer, the most common type of thyroid cancer, makes up about 80 percent of all thyroid cancers. The cancer tends to develop in the women age group between 30-40 years of age and grow slowly. Papillary thyroid cancer can be cure if diagnosed early.2. Follicular thyroid cancer
Follicular thyroid cancer, the second most common thyroid cancer, makes up about 15 percent of all case. It is a low grow cancer with peak onset ages 40 through 60. Follicular thyroid cancer can be treat successful, if diagnosed early.3. Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer, third most common thyroid cancer makes up about 3 percent of all cases, arise from thyroid hormone producing cells with abnormally high levels of calcitonin. Medullary thyroid cancer tends to grow slowly but it can spread to distant parts of the body, if not treated early. 4. Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer the rare case of thyroid cancer, makes up less than 2 percent of all cases. The cancer cells tend to grow and spread very quickly. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is deadly, with only 10% of alive rate, 3 years after it is diagnosed.

Symptoms
1. Lump in the neck
Due to uncontrollable cells growth and only 5% of this lumps are found to be cancerous.
2. Enlarged lymph node
Cancer has invaded the lymph nodes and its surrounding
3. Change of voice
Hoarseness or difficulty speaking in a normal voice as the tumor has affected the voice-box region.
4. Pain or discomfort in the throat or neck.
5. Problem of swallowing
As a result of tumor has affected the esophagus or of enlarged lymph node
6. Difficult breathing
Cancer may have invaded the lung or may affect either the upper or lower of respiratory track or due to enlarged lymph node
7. Etc.

Causes and risk factors1. Age
Risk of thyroid cancer increase with age after 30
2. Gender
Women are twice at risk to develop thyroid cancer than men.
3. Race
In US, according to statistic, Caucasians are at greater risk than African Americans to develop thyroid cancer.
5. Exposure to radiation
People who exposed to the radiation therapy at a young age to treat certain cancer are at higher risk to develop thyroid cancer at later age.
6. Family history
Increased risk of thyroid cancer if one of your direct family has a history of thyroid cancer
7. chronic goiter
Risk of thyroid cancer increased if you have a history of enlargement of the thyroid gland.
8. Exposure to certain chemical agents
In a study by Copenhagen researchers, the effect of chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on the thyroid. Ron and co-authors noted the correlation between chemicals and increased TSH and the resulting potential “in an increased opportunity for mutations and the development of cancer.”
9. Low level of iodine
People with life-long iodine deficiency are more likely to develop thyroid cancer.
10. Heredity
People born with mutation in the RET proto-oncogene are at risk in developing medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).
11. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
After family history and careful physical examination, If you have a family history of medullary thyroid cancer, blood test for calcitoninis is necessary
1. Blood test
The blood is to determine the levels of calcitoninis, elevation of calcitoninis may be signed of thyroid cancer.

2. Thyroid scan
With the inject of asotope, your doctor can view the images capture which will be classified according the amount asotope of absorption by the thyroid gland. If the gland is actively taking up the isotope, ultrasound will show whether the abnormality is a cyst or not. Thyroid biopsy may be required to further assessment.

3. Thyroid biopsy
In thyroid biopsy, a sample ofthe effected area is taken by a thin needle instrument (thin needle aspirate, under local anesthesia and examined by a pathologist under microscopy to view the type and stage of the cancer.

4. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.

5. Etc.

Grades
The Grades of Thyroid cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.

Stages
Thyroid cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0

]]>

If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the thyroid lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep thyroid lining, but still completely inside the thyroid gland.
Stage IA1

The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.

b. Stage IB:The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)

3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the thyroid gland.

4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the thyroid gland

5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the thyroid gland, other distant parts of the body.

Preventions
A. What to avoid
1. Potassium Iodide
Potassium Iodide (KI) is one of the drug which can absorb radioactive iodine cause of thyroid disease and cancer. Today it has been used worldwide to prevent thyroid cancer in people who are exposed to radioactive iodides.

2. Avoid exposure to radiation
People who exposed to the radiation therapy at a young age to treat certain cancer are at higher risk to develop thyroid cancer at later age. Extra precaution to prevent exposure the thyroid gland when X ray is taken.

3. Avoid Iodine deficiency
Increase Iodine intake from diet to prevent iodine deficiency cause of thyroid cancer.

4. Avoid certain chemical agents
Chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins can increase the risk of thyroid cancer

5. Lose weight
In an article Published in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Preventionthe meta-study indicated that the risk of thyroid cancer increases for obese men at roughly the same rate as it does for women.

5. Avoid chlorine and fluoride
Chlorine and fluoride are chemically related to iodine and they can block iodine receptors

6. Etc.

B. Diet
1. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.

2. Green tea
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.

3. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.

4. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.

6. Etc.

C. Nutritional supplements
1. Free radicals scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here

2. Modified citrus pectin
In a study of researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.

3. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.

4. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

5. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.

6. Etc.

Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
Treatment of thyroid cancer not only depends on the stage, grade but also age of the patient. Thyroid cancer occurs in older people tends to be aggressive, while in young adulthood and adolescence are curative

1. Surgery
The objective of the surgery is to cure, especial in the younger age group. If the cancer is low-grow and in the early stage, in most case after the thyroid gland was removed, patient will need to take thyroxine tablets for the rest of his/her life. If the cancer has spread to the nearby lymph nodes, the lymph nodes are also removed in the same surgery.
If your blood indicates that you have an elevation of calcitoninis, an inherited medullary thyroid cancer, then surgery may be only treatment.

2. Radioactive Iodine
Radioactive iodine usually is also used to treat hyperthyroidism. In case of thyroid cancer, radioactive iodine helps to destroy any remaining thyroid cancer cells after surgery.
Since it is highly radioactive, avoid exposing radioactivity to your family members or other people, there are some instructions that you must follow for the first 5 days after your treatment
a. Drink plenty of fluids.
b. Avoid contact with children and pregnant women.
c. Sleep in your own room.
d. Use separate towels, face cloths, and sheets.
e. Wash above and your personal clothing separately for 5 days
f. Etc.

3. Radiotherapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
In the elder, and if the cancer has spread, chemotherapy may be recommended

4. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

B. Herbal medicine
1. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.

2. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.

3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.

4. Devil’s Claw
The extract of Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as devil’s claw,
In vitro studies, researchers found that cat’s claw demonstrated anticancer effects against several cancer cell lines and has been reported to be effective in the treatment of lymphoma cancer, according to a study conducted by K. S. Wilson, M.D., which was published in the journal “Current Oncology” in August 2009.

5. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.

6. Etc

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.

2. Xia Ku Cao (Selfheal Fruit-Spike)
Researchers found that cyasterone in Xia Ku Cao showed anti tumor activity.

3. Qing hao
Qing hao is also known as wormwood. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.

4. Jie Geng
The Researchers found that aponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.

5. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.

For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton